e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Is there merit to this view? This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). a. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? b. biological forces, culture, and learning. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. a. 80. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: a. challenging irrational cognitions. Also, many treatment techniques have been developed and proven to be effective over the years. a. modeling. Preconditioning. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). 138. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Consider your parents for a minute. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. How does the existential perspective approach psychopathology? Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Dealing with anxiety. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. d. classical conditioning. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. 25. c. congenital malformations. 32. d. past traumatic experiences. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). c. feminist therapy. Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. b. exposure What is learning? Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? d. cognitive-behavioral. 2.3.1.5. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. 70. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Maybe I am not paid weekly now. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. 23. 81. This is an example of: a. shaping. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. d. displacement. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 112. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. 2.2.3.1. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. We see this in the case of reflexes. 18. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. 127. a. a. existential The existential perspective. c. existential. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. 154. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. The development of personality. b. family therapy. 90. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . 37. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. 57. 12. b. Behaviorally test your thought. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: a. improving the clients interactions with others. 102. Figure 2.8. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. a. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. 72. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. 45. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. There are two main ways they can present themselves. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. Which would be a part of your paradigm? c. psychodynamic. a. d. classical conditioning. c. Beck. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. b. multicultural. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. d. psychoanalytic therapy. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. b. resistance. They are tied to experiences early in life. a. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. d. disengagement. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? d. object relations. Shonda responds by changing the subject. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. 119. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). c. superego. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Maladaptive cognitions. 111. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. b. existential therapy. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. Communication in the Nervous System. 34. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. d. cognitive-behavioral. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? 95. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. b. self theory. Describe observational learning and modeling. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. 109. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. b. the libido. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. Criticisms. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. 39. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. 144. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. The perspective is overly precise. d. countertransference. c. operant conditioning. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. 110. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. Nervous breakdown c. Impairment d. Distress 86. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. 16. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. This is a physical aspect of what disease? Which statement regarding the outcomes of couple therapy is FALSE? Schemas and cognitive errors. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. Thats all right. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior - CliffsNotes A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. 17. 117. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. a. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. b. a distorted view of the self. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. b. sociocultural See Figure 2.4 below. 137. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. d. synapses. This is called: a. fixation. b. hypotheses. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. 103. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. d. transference. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. c. role-playing. b. prevention. Right? With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. b. modeling. These included risk versions of two genes that regulate the flow of calcium into cells. Likewise, twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD are at higher risk to develop the disorder themselves. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. a. Dysfunction b. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. d. psychodynamic. 2.3.4.1. The genes responsible for anxiety disorders or related psychological patterns are the same genes that once helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. a. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. 2.3.3.3. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. All of the models include an element of the biological model. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. 2.2.3.3. 145. It is difficult to research this perspective. b. focusing on the here and now. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com Postconditioning. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. Figure 2.9. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. 121. The final section is a Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. Chapter 3 Flashcards by Burton Dwight | Brainscape d. it is too narrow in certain ways. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever.

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