The box has dimensions of 2.5 cm by 10 cm by 10 cm. These values are then used to calculate bulk specific gravity, bulk SSD specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and absorption. Accessed 1 July 2002. s /? Porosity, n Certainly, the accuracy of all measurements is important. If the unit weight of soil is 50% saturated, then its bulk unit weight will be _____ If the unit weight of soil is 50% saturated, then its bulk unit weight will be ______ In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, (pharmaceutical) ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter ().. Lets solve an example; Considerable preparation time may be necessary if contamination must be removed from the bottom of the sample. w = Water content or moisture content G= Specific gravity of soils. Although it avoids problems associated with the SSD condition, it is often inaccurate because it assumes a perfectly smooth surface, thereby ignoring surface irregularities (i.e., the rough surface texture of a typical specimen). However, if the maximum size of the soil particle is 75 mm, 45 kg of the sample should be used for the test. Their common symbols are: Pavement Interactive was developed by thePavement Tools Consortium, a partnership between several state DOTs, the FHWA, and the University of Washington, as part of their effort tofurther develop and use computer-based pavement tools. $\gamma = \dfrac{(G + Se)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $\gamma = \dfrac{(G + Gw)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $\gamma_{sat} = \dfrac{(G + e)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $\gamma ' = \dfrac{(G - 1)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, $D_r = \dfrac{e_{max} - e}{e_{max} - e_{min}}$, MATHalino - Engineering Mathematics Copyright 2023. $e = \dfrac{V_v}{V_s}$ void ratio, $e = \dfrac{V_v}{V - V_v} \cdot \dfrac{1/V}{1/V}$, $e = \dfrac{V_v/V}{1 - V_v/V}$ n = Vv / V, $n = \dfrac{V_v}{V_s + V_v} \cdot \dfrac{1/V_s}{1/V_s}$, $n = \dfrac{V_v/V_s}{1 + V_v/V_s}$ e = Vv / Vs. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. It is denoted by G. This laboratory entails a demonstration of the use of a soil density sampler, and a problem set that is focused on common soil density calculations. These two density measurements provide an important insight into the physical nature of a given soil. The calculation should then be: SG = Ps/Pw Find The Soil Testing Equipment You Need At Certified MTP Also called bulk unit weight (), and moist unit weight (m). For instance, if a quarry operation constantly monitors the specific gravity of its output aggregate, a change in specific gravity beyond that normally expected could indicate the quarrying has moved into a new rock formation with significantly different mineral or physical properties. w at 4C is 1gm/ml, 1000 kg/m 3 or 1 Mg/m 3 Basic Soil Relationships Drying should occur in an oven regulated at 230F (110C). Repeat this process in ten mL intervals until you reach the 50 mL mark. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. Briefly describe the processes of soil structure (aggregate) formation. For example, if spherical (r = radius and = density) . The Specific Gravity of Soil is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the material to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water. The difference between Gsa and Gsb is the volume of aggregate used in the calculations. Coarse aggregate bulk SSD specific gravity. The specific gravity (GS) of a soil refers to the ratio of the solid particles unit weight to the unit weight of water. The following formula is used to calculate the specific gravity of a material. Determine the weight of dry soil in the sample. 3 days (from sample preparation to final dry weight determination). Bulk specific gravity is involved in most key mix design calculations including air voids, VMA and, indirectly, VFA. Plasticity index, $PI = LL - PL$, Liquidity index, $LI = \dfrac{MC - PL}{PI}$, Activity of clay, $A_c = \dfrac{PI}{\mu}$, where $\mu$ = soil finer than 0.002 mm in percent, Other Formulas The coarse aggregate specific gravity test measures coarse aggregate weight under three different sample conditions: Using these three weights and their relationships, a samples apparent specific gravity, bulk specific gravity and bulk SSD specific gravity as well as absorption can be calculated. The specific gravity of solid particles is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4 C. An incorrect bulk specific gravity value will result in incorrectly calculated air voids, VMA, VFA and ultimately result in an incorrect mix design. Theoretical models to predict the capacity of helical piles are based on Soil Mechanics and an appr Seequent, The Bentley Subsurface Company's, Create a free account and view content that fits your specific interests in geotechnical engineering. Bulk density is defined as the mass of the many . The general values for specific gravity for different soils are given in Table -1. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. V = Volume of soil Soils are composed of a combination of solids (soil particles), liquids (soil water), and gases (soil atmosphere). Basic Formulas Given that the specific gravity of soil particle is 12 and the density of soil is 156. Specific gravity Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of soil solids at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature, both weights being taken in air. 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm (No. Therefore, by definition, water at a temperature of 73.4F (23C) has a specific gravity of 1. at least ten times from a height of about 2-3 inches. Several different types of specific gravity are commonly used depending upon how the volume of water permeable voids (or pores) within the aggregate are addressed (Figure 3): The following description is a brief summary of the test. What is the typical range of bulk density values for mineral soils? If the aggregate is not oven-dry to start, the existing water in the aggregate pore structrure may be able to penetrate further into the pores (AASHTO, 2000c. It is often found that the specific gravity of the materials making up the soil particles are close to the value for quartz, that is Gs 2.65 For all the common soil forming minerals 2.5 < Gs < 2.8 We can use Gs to calculate the density or unit weight of the solid particles s = Gs w s = Gs w ( w) The mean density of water (default is 1,000 kg/m 3) Your email address will not be published. Soil is composed of solids, liquids, and gases. Measure the length and diameter of the metal cylinders. (Note: Specific gravity of any element is unit less parameter). total volume = volume of soilds + volume of voids Soil is a three-phase materialthat consists of solid particles and voids which are filled with water and air. A = Air Content, percentage (%) e = void ratio (ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids), no units G s = specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the soil to the density of water), no units I D = density index (relative density), percentage (%) n = porosity (ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume), percentage (%) This calculator calculates the bulk specific gravity using weight of dry piece in fluid, density of fluid,. Lets solve an example; It is represented as 'Gm'. Saturated surface dry (SSD, water fills the HMA air voids). You may have been told that 2.204 lb is equal to 1 kilogram or that 1 lb equals 0.454 kg, but what this really means is that a force of 2.204 lb results from that object's mass times the local value of gravity in some units or another. Saturated surface-dry (SSD, water fills the aggregate pores). On oven drying, the density drops to 1.74 gm/cc. The standard bulk specific gravity test is: Specific gravity is a measure of a materials density (mass per unit volume) as compared to the density of water at 73.4F (23C). Find the bulk density when the mass of the soil is 24 and the volume of the soil is 6. m = Mass of the Soil = 24 The formulas for calculating bulk density and particle density follow: Bulk density, b = mass of oven dry soil total soil volume Bulk density, b = mass of oven dry soil total soil volume Particle density, p = mass of oven dry soil volume of soil solids Particle density, p = mass of oven dry soil volume of soil solids Figure 8.1. The determination of SSD conditions can be difficult. The soil sample is dried in an oven at a temperature of 105C to 110C. Here M is total mass and V is total volume. V = Volume of the Soil Pavement Interactive was developed by thePavement Tools Consortium, a partnership between several state DOTs, the FHWA, and the University of Washington, as part of their effort tofurther develop and use computer-based pavement tools. Examples of suitable units have been shown below. A = mass of oven-dry sample in air (g) d = =17.857Kn/m3 17.857= Thus as soil density increases, soil porosity decreases. Make sure to use cloth and not paper towels. The simplest method is to dry the sample in a conventional oven: [latex]\text{Mass of water}=(\text{mass of beaker}+\text{moist soil})-(\text{mass of beaker}+\text{dry soil})[/latex], [latex]\text{Mass of dry soil}=(\text{mass of beaker}+\text{dry soil})-\text{mass of beaker}[/latex], [latex]\text{Percent moisture}=\frac{\text{mass of water in soil}}{\text{mass of oven dry soil}}\times100\text{%}[/latex], [latex]\text{Dry weight}=\frac{\text{wet weight}}{1+(\frac{\text{percent moisture}}{100\text{%}})}[/latex]. Vv = Volume of voids Once there are no visible signs of water film on the aggregate particle surfaces, determine the sample mass. Vs = Volume of solid particles This indicates that all the water has left the sample. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve (Figure 6). The relative density is written in the following formulas: where: "Good engineers don't need to remember every formula; they just need to know where they can find them. 3-1. Read More: 7 Brick Test to Decide Quality of Bricks. It is an important parameter in soil mechanics for the calculation of the weight-volume relationship. Porosity is usually expressed as a decimal, but it can also be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the decimal form by 100%. The results are as follows: Aggregate A: Bulk specific gravity=2.814; absorption=0.4% Aggregate B: Bulk specific gravity=2.441; absorption=3.0% What is the specific gravity of a mixture of 35% aggregate A and 65% aggregate B by weight? Bulk density is a measure of the mass of a soil per given volume (i.e. Remove the sampler from the soil by pushing against the handle until the vertical shaft of the handle is parallel to the soil surface. The Soil Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the material to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water. Therefore, the Specific Gravity GS is calculated as: A correction is utilized to adjust the results at a reference temperature T=20C: where K is the temperature correction factor. Particle density is similar to the specific gravity of a solid and is not impacted by land use. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. V = Volume of the Soil = 4. Both use the same aggregate volume. 1993 AASHTO Flexible Pavement Structural Design, 1993 AASHTO Rigid Pavement Structural Design, Climate Change Impacts on Pavements and Resilience, E-Construction in Practice: A Peer Exchange with WSDOT and TxDOT. Volume of water in soil is also often expressed by equivalent depth of water, D e: D sb= Bulk Density They are also useful as study notes for exams. An introduction to density, specific weight and specific gravity. Answer (1 of 3): What is the relationship between bulk density and specific gravity? The specific gravity of soil can be calculated by using the following formula,G = Mass of soil / Mass of equal volume of water Where, Mass of Soil = Ws Mass of the same volume of water, Ww = (W1 + Ws) W2 Gs (T1 C) = Ws / Ww, Copyright [2019 - 2023] [Civiconcepts.com] | by [Bhushan Mahajan], 3040 House Plans | 1200 sq ft House Plan, Specific Gravity of Soil Test Procedure, Result & Calculation, General Specific Gravity of Soil Range for Various Soils, Determination of Specific Gravity Test of Soil, Calculation Of Specific Gravity Of Soil Sample, Specific Gravity of Soil at Various Temperature, Specific Gravity of Soil Lab Report Discussion, Water Content of Soil Test Procedure, Result & Report, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test on Concrete, Soundness Test of Cement Procedure and Results, Abrasion Test on Aggregate & Its Procedure, Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube Test Result 7, 14, 28 Days, What To Do If Concrete Cube Fails After 28 days, Cement of Fineness: Definition, Importance, and How to Test It, 8 Different Types Of Mop With Pros & Cons, 5 Different Types of Chains In Civil Engineering, What Is Architecture | 8 Types of Architects | Different Types of Architecture | Top Architecture Types With Pictures, 8 Different Types of Air Conditioners With Pros & Cons, 30 Types Of Shed | Different Types Of Shed In Backyard | Types Of Backyard Shed | Best Shed Styles Designs, 12 Different Types of Gardens | Most Popular Types of Gardening | Top Garden Types With Pictures, Defects In Timber | Top Defects Of Timber | 5 Different Types of Defects In Timber | Foxiness In Timber, Different Types of Chimneys For Kitchens [Pros & Cons], 15 Types of Drywall Anchors | Different Types Of Wall Anchors | Dry Wall Anchors Types | Best Types of Wall Anchors For Wall, Types Of Gutters | 22 Different Types of Gutters | Rain Gutter Downspout | Best Types of Rain Gutter For House, Explore the 15 Different Types of Door Locks for Home Security, 8 Different Types of Kitchen Cabinets for Your Dream Kitchen, 12 Types of Rugs | Different Types of Rugs With Pictures | Best Types of Rug For Living Room | Best Rug For Bedroom, Different Types of Roof Overhang and Their Advantages, 15 Different Types of Fans For Home | Ceiling Fan Type, 10 Different Types of Stoves For Your Kitchen, 22 Different Types of Drill Bits and Their Uses [PDF], Thermometer graduated in O.soC division scale. Gs= Specific Gravity of Soil Particle Lets solve an example; The bulk specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate, including the permeable and impermeable voids in the particles, to the weight of an equal volume of water ( Kandhal et al., 2000; Prowell and Baker, 2004; Sholar et al., 2005 ). The equipment for this experiment is shown in Fig. The difference between Gsb and bulk (SSD) specific gravity is the weight of aggregate used in the calculations. A soil sample has a dry density of 8.5 kN/m 3, specific gravity of solids G as 2.7 and voids ratio of 0.6. Specific Gravity of Solids The specific gravity of soil particles (G) is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4 C. G = ? Given: m = 36 g v = 3 mL = 1 g/mL Calculation: Density of the object = = = 12 g/mL Now, we know the density of both the elements that is the object and water. Laboratory specific gravity and absorption tests are run on two coarse aggregate sizes, which have to be blended. The reference density of water at 4 o C (39 o F) is used as the reference as these are the conditions of maximum density. Recall that Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. These masses are used to calculate the various specific gravities and absorption using the following equations: Note that the quantity (B C) is the mass of water displaced by the SSD aggregate sample. Clean the specific gravity bottle well and dry it. The difference between Gsa, Gse and Gsb is the volume of aggregate used in the calculations. Grain size analysis is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil mechanics field. The terms density and unit weight are used interchangeably in soil mechanics. Calculate the specific gravity of the soil solids using the following formula: Specific Gravity (G s) = W o / (W o + (W a - W b )) W o = Weight of sample of oven-dry soil, g = W ps - W p. W a = Weight of Pycnometer filled with water. Gs= Specific Gravity of Soil Particle The driving weight is raised and dropped repeatedly to drive the sampler into the soil. To get the answer and workings of the specific gravity of soil particle using the Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia. Geoengineer.org uses third party cookies to improve our website and your experience when using it. Typical values for bulk specific gravity range from 2.200 to 2.500 depending upon the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate, the asphalt binder content, and the amount of compaction. Let, = Weight of soil solid in a given soil mass. SCOPE This method of test covers the procedure for determining the bulk specific gravity of specimens of compacted asphalt mixtures. Pores that absorb water are also referred to as water permeable voids. Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia is capable of calculating the bulk density. Home Science Classical Physics. Use a vacuum pump to gradually apply vacuum and remove the entrapped air while spinning the flask to remove the air bubbles. Mass of Soil = Ws Mass of the same volume of water, Ww = (W1 + Ws) - W2 Gs (T1 C) = Ws / Ww Specific Gravity of Soil at Various Temperature For more accurate results it is recommended to conduct tests 3 times on the same soil sample. Now, Click on Soil Mechanics and Foundation underAgricultural, Now, Click on Bulk Density underSoil Mechanics and Foundation. It is the Specific Gravity of Soil. 4. V = Volume of the Soil = 6. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The basket should be pre-conditioned to the water bath temperature. Gs = Specific Gravity of Soil Particle = 12 First of all, we need to kind the density of the object. SG = / W. Android (Free)https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nickzom.nickzomcalculator The Specific Gravity of soils is usually between 2.65-2.80 with finer soils having higher values than coarser ones. Water Density (23C) =0.9993 (Table-3) . Conversely, if the sample is beyond SSD and some of the pore water has evaporated (which is more likely), the mass of the SSD sample will be lower than it ought to be, which will cause a higher calculated bulk specific gravity. This lab is performed to determine the specific gravity of soil by using a pycnometer. w= Density of Water Absorption can indicate the amount of asphalt binder the aggregate will absorb. Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia is capable of calculating the specific gravity of soil particle. You can get this app via any of these means: Webhttps://www.nickzom.org/calculator-plus, To get access to theprofessionalversion via web, you need toregisterandsubscribeforNGN 2,000perannumto have utter access to all functionalities. Mass/Bulk/Apparent Specific Gravity It is the ratio of the weight of soil of a given volume to the weight of standard fluid (water) of the same volume. Ws = Weight of solid particles Three different masses are recorded during the test. Remove the barrel from the sampler and gently push the core out of the top of the barrel, taking care to keep the core intact. sb= Bulk Density Calculating the Density of Water when the Specific Gravity of Soil Particle and the Density of Soil is Given. How to Calculate and Solve for Air Content of the Soil | Soil Mechanics and Foundation, How to Calculate and Solve for Water Content | Soil Mechanics and Foundation, How to Calculate and Solve for Inter-atomic Spacing | Braggs Law, How to Calculate and Solve for Conversion of Volume Fraction to Mass Fraction | Phase Transformation, How to Calculate and Solve for Net Force between Two Atoms | Crystal Structures, How to Calculate and Solve for Planar Density | Crystal Structures, How to Calculate and Solve for Linear Density | Crystal Structures, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.nickzom.nickzomcalculator, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nickzom.nickzomcalculator, https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nickzom-calculator/id1331162702?mt=8. HMA bulk specific gravity is needed to determine weight-volume relationships and to calculate various volume-related quantities such as air voids and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA). Insert a 1.5 cm metal ring, a 6 cm metal core, and then a second 1.5 cm metal ring into the barrel of the core sampler, then reattach the barrel to the handle. High bulk density soils are soils with little pore space, so water infiltration is reduced, root penetration is inhibited, and aeration is restricted reducing agricultural productivity. A change in aggregate mineral or physical properties can result in a change in specific gravity. W'= Submerged weight of soil in the heave zone per unit width of sheet pile U= Uplift force due to seepage on the same volume of soil 2 W'= D ( sat - w )/2= D 2 '/2, Where, D= is the depth of embedment into Permeable soil U= D2 . Typically, aggregate used in HMA production will have an absorption between just above zero and 5 percent. The specific gravity of soil may be defined as the ratio of the mass of solids to the mass of an equivalent volume of water at 4C. (2000c). Their common symbols are: Clean and dry the inside (above the water level) and the outer part of the flask and weigh it (, Use the funnel to carefully place the soil into the flask and weigh it (. The gamma ray method is based on the scattering and absorption properties of gamma rays with matter. There is no specification for bulk specific gravity, but it is used to calculate other specified parameters such as air voids, VMA and VFA. If the room temperature is different from 27 o C, the following correction should be done:-G' = kG where, G' = Corrected specific gravity at 27 o C Though not critical, it is important that we know it. Particle density refers to the mass of solids per volume of the solids alone. Solution W=0.285KN, Ws=0.25KN, V=14*103*10-6=14*10-3m3 W%= e=?? But instead of having g in the formula, use the density of water replacing the unit weight of water. Correct and accurate material specific gravity determinations are vital to proper mix design. Weight of soil mass at moist condition: 56.6 kg. Required fields are marked *. g = 9.81 m/s2 Once, you have obtained the calculator encyclopedia app, proceed to theCalculator Map,then click onAgriculturalunderEngineering. Record the final weight of each canister (including the lid) plus oven-dry soil. Ww = Weight of water Back in the lab, weigh each canister plus moist soil. i av = N d at middle of heave soil prism /unit length pile. A unit called the slug , equal to 32.17 "mass-pounds" or 14.6 kg, can be used to convert between pounds in the . ", e = void ratio (ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids), no units, n = porosity (ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume), percentage (%), = bulk density (the ratio of the total mass to the total volume), ib/ft, ' = effective density (bulk density - density of water), ib/ft, = unit weight(ratio of the total weight (force) to the total volume), ksi or KPa, ' = buoyant unit weight or effective unit weight(unit weight - unit weight of water ), ksi or KPa. Relation Between Degree of Saturation, Specific Gravity, Water Content, and Void Ratio The degree of saturation may be defined as the ratio of the volume of water in the soil mass to the volume of voids in the soil mass. Weigh and record graduated cylinder plus compact soil weight (C). Specific gravity of solid particles of soil is the ratio of the unit weight of solids (s) to the unit weight of water (w). This sample size is based on nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS). Some lightweight shales (not used in HMA production) can have absorptions approaching 30 percent, while other aggregate types can have near zero absorption. It is not a complete procedure and should not be used to perform the test. So, be careful if the question is like that; derive the relation between bulk density, dry density and water content, therefore, the answer will be same.] Unit Weight, The formula for calculating bulk density: sb= Bulk Density Weight of soil after dry in oven: 45.5 kg. Water Content or Moisture Content, w Therefore, texture and structure govern the amount of soil pore space. Stop when the cap of the barrel is flush with the soil surface. These two (water and air) are called voids which occupy between soil particles. It is denoted by 'Sr'. If the sample is actually still wet on the surface then the mass of the SSD sample will be higher than it ought to be, which will cause a lower calculated bulk specific gravity. Dry the material until it maintains a constant mass. Gs = Specific Gravity of Soil Particle = 12 Sample sizes range from 2000 g for a 0.5 inch (12.5 mm) NMAS to 5000 g for a 1.5 inch (37.5 mm) NMAS. Aggregate absorption can also vary widely depending upon aggregate type. Specific gravities can vary widely depending upon aggregate type. Soil is composed of solids, liquids, and gases. If a soil is compacted, the soil solids are packed into a smaller volume, and the particles get packed closer together. Relative Density = Mass of the Aggregate / Mass of equal volume of water. What is the range of bulk density values for an organic soil? This results in less total pore volume. Ans: The unit weight of any material divided by the unit weight of distilled water. This method, the simplest, calculates the volume based on height and diameter/width measurements. Low bulk density soils are easily compacted and may settle considerably to the detriment of roads, sidewalks, and building foundations. $\gamma = \dfrac{W}{V}$, $\gamma = \dfrac{\gamma_w V_w + \gamma_s V_s}{V_v + V_s}$, $\gamma = \dfrac{\gamma_w V_w + G \gamma_w V_s}{V_v + V_s}$, $\gamma = \dfrac{V_w + G V_s}{V_v + V_s}\gamma_w$, $\gamma = \dfrac{S V_v + G V_s}{V_v + V_s}\gamma_w$, $\gamma = \dfrac{S (V_v/V_s) + G (V_s/V_s)}{(V_v/V_s) + (V_s/V_s)}\gamma_w$, Moist unit weight in terms of dry density and moisture content Home Science Classical Physics. There are no minimum or maximum specific gravity or absorption values in Superpave mix design. 4) sieve, by means of a water pycnometer. $\gamma_{sat} = \dfrac{W_{sat}}{V_{sat}}$, $e = \dfrac{n}{1 - n}$ and $n = \dfrac{e}{1 + e}$, MATHalino - Engineering Mathematics Copyright 2023. The specific gravity of solids, G is determined using following equation: G= (M2-M1)/[(M2-M1)-(M3-M4)] Where M 1 = mass of empty pycnometer M 2 = mass of pycnometer and dry soil M 3 = mass of pycnometer, soil, and water M 4 = mass of pycnometer filled with water only. Requirements: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). ASTM D 2726: Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures, AASHTO T 166: Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted, AASHTO T 275: Bulk Specific Gravity of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using Paraffin-Coated Specimens, AASHTO TP 69: Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures Using Automatic Vacuum Sealing Method.