For example, a flight of 400 NM at 100 knots GS takes 4 hours to complete. Powerfully economical A fuel capacity of nearly 82,000 gallons , a fuel consumption rate of 10 g/nm and space for up to The A380 uses state-of-the-art Rolls Royce or Engine Alliance engines, either of which provide superb cutting edge design technology for efficient specific fuel consumption. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Use of this site indicates your consent to the Terms of Use. It says that the plane truly is the most fuel-efficient, commercially viable aircraft in existence. The 14-hour flight from Dubai to New York marked the launch of Emirates A380 fleet soon be the worlds largest fleet of its kind. Is A380 fuel efficient? The ATF price, despite being hiked recently, remains much less than what petrol and diesel prices are. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. (Still under construction, sorry) Fuel Use Tables Airbus A380 [ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380 ]. Initial figure 4,062 gallons per hou Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices, Avg. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Most commercial planes burn several thousands of gallons of fuel per hour while flying. of between 10-12 t/hr or 3,330-4,000 gallons per hour or between What do the parents perceive as their role to the Day Care worker? The fuel used, a mix of 60 percent standard jet kerosene and 40 percent GTL, was used in one of the A380s four engines. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is approximately 4 times what an A320 needs. To my old eyes that photo appears to show around 3070 kg, not 3670 kg. At the time of writing (Q2 2021), the average price of Jet A fuel in the United States is $4.77 per gallon. Note that the figures are given in terms of both gallons per hour and pounds per hour. Here is Boeings slide about fuel burn per seat: Thus, we now have back-to-back Airbus and Boeing slides; a news report from Emirates; and Lufthansas own analysis. Considering that large commercial airplanes like the 747 burn roughly 1 gallon of fuel per minute, its important for airlines to consider the cost of fuel. WebHow much fuel does an A380 burn? The A380 features an 8,200 nautical-mile range (15,200 km), enabling it to service some of the longest routes in commercial aviation. Simple answer, yes. It consumes perhaps the most fuel of any commercial airliner in service. However, that doesnt mean its the most inefficient. However, planes dumping fuel has a negligible impact on the environment. How much fuel does a Cessna burn an hour? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We report. long-haul with RR Trent engines, the A380 burns fuel at an average The manufacturer proved the Celera 500Ls aerodynamic efficiency in 2019. In fact, the carbon emissions from a single flight can be as high as the carbon emissions of a car in a year. Had to zoom in a bit more (I'm on a 10" netbook) I guess it does say 3070. The burn rate of the 172 is 8.5 gallons of fuel (32.176 litres) per hour. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. How long should you meditate as a Buddhist? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It does not store any personal data. Which method of accounting recognizes byproducts in the financial statements at the time their production is completed? By logging into your account, you agree to our. How does the braking system work in a car? The Airbus A380 has a maximum fuel capacity of around 82,000 gallons stored in 10 tanks, each holding up to 8,200 gallons of fuel. The Boeing 777 also burns around 2,500 gallons of fuel per hour or 42 gallons a minute or 0.7 gallons per second, but the exact fuel use depends on the planes model and configuration. June, 2011, Customer Since about 368 gallons per hour. Commercial flights typically carry at least one hours worth of additional fuel on top of that required to get to their destination, but this is often increased by the pilots depending on the circumstances on the day. Chapter 1, part 734.3(b)(3). The burn rate of the 172 is 8.5 gallons of fuel (32.176 litres) per hour. Advertising - Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. DC-6-63 according to the flight operating manual will burn 45,300 kg while flying the route for an hour faster at the same load. The dynamic impact on fuel burn of moving to throttles to the How much fuel does a 747 burn per minute? The Boeing 737-800 variant carries a maximum of 6,875 gallons of fuel, mostly in its wings and a fuel tank below the passenger cabin. These are approximate figures, and the conversion between pounds and gallons is conservative. The 555 seat Airbus A380-800, with a non-stop range of 8,000nm, was launched in December 2000. One of the major inefficiencies associated with the A380 is its wing size. Airbus made a strategic decision that the A380800 (current model) would The Airbus A320 also burns between 50 and 100 gallons during taxiing and another 500 to 550 gallons of fuel during takeoff. The plane can carry 81,890 gallons of fuel and flies 8000 nautical miles, i.e., it burns approximately 10 gallons of fuel per nautical mile or 9 gallons per sta How much fuel does a Cessna 152 burn an hour? Airbus A380: 84,535 gallons (320,000 liters) Boeing Boeing 737-100: 4,720 gallons (17,865 liters) Boeing 737-200: 45,160 gallons (19,532 liters) Boeing 737-300/400/500: 45,160 gallons (20,105 liters) Boeing 737-600/700/800/900/MAX: 6,878 gallons (26,035 liters) Boeing 747-100: 48,400 gallons (183,214 liters) How much fuel do widebodies burn per hour? 8 How much fuel does a 747 burn per hour? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Generally, fighter jets burn the most fuel, and small planes burn the least for the same amount of flying time. WebIs the A380 fuel-efficient? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. To be viable for airports, the A380 was going to be held to stringent noise standards, along with high maneuverability on the ground. How much fuel does a Cessna 172 burn per hour? All rights reserved. The captains are the highest paid airline pilots and they earn from $234,000 to $269,000. Doesn't take a rocket scientist to work out a rough average burn per hour. What strategies can be used to maximize the impact of a press release? Most commercial planes hold several tens of thousands of fuel for that reason, with the Airbus A380 holding up to 82,000 gallons. Back in the day, Capts on our 747-200s would make a reasonableness check on the flight plan as part of his pre-flight. How many Litres of fuel does an A380 take? Aviation turbine fuel (ATF) price was increased by Rs 3,885 per kilolitre (kl), or 6.7 per cent, to Rs 61,690.28 per kl in the national capital, according to a price notification of state-owned fuel retailers. To compare, a typical car gets about 25 miles per gallon per person. December, 2014, Customer Since Private jets burn between 150 and 600 gallons per hour or 2.5 to 10 gallons per minute or 0.04 to 0.16 gallons per second depending on the model. The Boeing 777 burns anywhere between 4,000 to 10,000 gallons depending on the planes weight, model, elevation, and throttle position during take off. The plane can carry 81,890 gallons of fuel and flies 8000 nautical miles, i.e., it burns approximately 10 gallons of fuel per nautical mile or 9 gallons per statute mile. The Airbus A380 burns between 400 and 700 gallons during taxiing, between 8,000 to 9,000 gallons during takeoff, and approximately 70,000 gallons during cruising. After more than a decade building the GP7200, Engine Alliance announced a bold new strategy: They would shift their focus from producing the GP7200 to supporting it. With a cruise speed of .85 Mach and a top speed of 634 mph, the A380 ranks among the top five fastest airliners. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The A380 arrived in the U.S. today. The distance covered by a private jet per gallon can vary greatly by its model. Flightglobal reports on the first LH 747-8 service FRA-IAD, that the aircraft burned 80 tons for what was 2 minutes short of an 8 hour flight. How much fuel does an Airbus burn per hour? But, the exact cost of fueling an aircraft depends on its size, model, fuel prices, type of fuel, and intended route. For the Airbus 380 fuel flow, several assumptions should be made: 1. Roles Royce Trent 900 engines. or the 1. Engine Alliance GP7000 engines. 2. MT Archive - I always seem to gravitate toward a smart-ass answer. Sorry. But this one is fun. As other answers have shown, there is wide variation with fuel pr Hourly rate of fuel burn depends on the length of the flight and how much payload the aircraft is carrying. The Airbus A320 burns roughly 2500 pounds per hour, which is about 368 gallons per hour. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. How do you win an academic integrity case? A plane like a Boeing 747 uses approximately 1 gallon of fuel (about 4 liters) every second. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. At heavy weights the 330 Payload The weight of the passengers, cargo, and baggage. International airports competed to adjust runways and gates to accommodate the sizable A380 specs. Power enough to lift such an aircraft was only one consideration. How much fuel does an Airbus A320 burn per hour? But, the exact fuel used to fly from London to New York depends on the planes model, weight, and weather conditions. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The Airbus A320 burns around 1,875 gallons per hour during cruise altitude or 31.25 gallons per minute or 0.5 gallons per second. This plane also burns 31 gallons per mile. 7 How much fuel does an Airbus A380 burn? Price Per Gallon 100LL is the fuel that you would use for a piston aircraft, such as a Cessna 172. So if both planes are fully booked, then in theory each passenger should pay the same for the taxi fuel -- it would become an issue though when the A380 has a low load factor. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The A380 arrived in the U.S. today. Contact Us | Privacy Statement | Terms & Conditions | Subscribe to Our Newsletter. One of the four engines of A380 uses a mixture of kerosene and GTL fuel delivered by shell. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. As we see, an Airbus A380 burns twice as much fuel per hour as a Boeing 787-9. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Robert Davis Travel Management Consultant, 2023 Executive Flyers +1 (512) 241-0795, How Far Can a Fighter Jet Fly Without Refueling. With an average fuel consumption of 203 gallons per hour, the 60 is surprisingly comparable to smaller light weight private jets. The Airbus A320 has an average total fuel capacity of between 6,400 to 7,980 gallons depending on the model. What do the parents perceive as their role to the Day Care worker? At optimal loading factors, flying West-East, in winter, long-haul with RR Trent engines, the A380 burns fuel at an average of between 10-12 t/hr or 3,330-4,000 gallons per hour or between 0.14 and 0.17 mpg! I dont know how much fuel or money would be saved but the fuel burn is lower when airplanes land and refuel rather than fly very long legs. I susp A fuel capacity of nearly 82,000 gallons, a fuel consumption rate of 10 g/nm and space for up to 853 passengers makes the A380 more fuel efficient per passenger than an average economy car. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Airbus A380, the largest passenger jet, costs between $26,000 and $29,000 per hour, using roughly $17,467 of fuel, approximately $40.19 to $44.82 per mile. Cookie Policy - We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Fuel burn would be one of the most critical measurements of the engines success. The Learjet 25 is an American ten-seat (two crew and eight passengers), twin-engine, high-speed business jet aircraft manufactured by Learjet. So, during cruising it burns around 750 gallons of fuel per hour, which equals 12.5 gallons of fuel per minute or 0.2 gallons of fuel per second. This plane also burns 0.012 gallons per passenger How many Litres of fuel does a 747 use on takeoff? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In addition to demanding airport modifications for its huge passenger load and million-pound bulk, economics demand that it be flown full to pay its enormous hourly costs. In addition to demanding airport modifications for its huge passenger load and million-pound bulk, economics demand that it be flown full to pay its enormous hourly costs. How much fuel does an A380 burn on takeoff? The A380 arrived in the U.S. today. As we see, an Airbus A380 burns twice as much fuel per hour as a Boeing 787-9. G&Zy= However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Powerfully economical A fuel capacity of nearly 82,000 gallons , a fuel consumption rate of 10 g/nm and space for up to 853 passengers makes the A380 more fuel efficient per passenger than an average economy car. Here is what Airbus presented in May at its Innovation Days. How much does it cost to fill a A380 with fuel? Not subject to the EAR per 15 C.F.R. First looks at the A380 astonished citizens and thrilled airline executives. The aircraft does not require any improvements for the usage of GTL fuel, which is intended for mixing with conventional jet fuel. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 2023 Engine Alliance. Overall, the hard-line A380-800 fuel-tank capacity is 315,292 liters, most of which is contained in two inner tanks with more than 90,600 liters. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Is A380 fuel efficient? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The fuel tanks in Airbus A380 are shown in this image. Over the course of a 10-hour flight, it might burn 36,000 gallons (150,000 liters). 9|. Some routes may be seasonal or not available every day of the week. Two wing tanks, a fuselage tank and two wing tip tanks. All models also have 5 fuel tanks, each of which hold around 1,400 gallons. A fuel capacity of nearly 82,000 gallons, a fuel consumption rate of 10 g/nm Instead, smaller twin engine widebodies like Boeings 787 and Airbuss A350 are the way to go for fuel efficiency. Airbus A380, the largest passenger jet, costs between$26,000 and $29,000 per hour, using roughly$17,467 of fuel, approximately $40.19 to$44.82 per mile. A more detailed look at Qantas Airwaysflight offers a better understanding of typical costs. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The brake valves are controlled via the rudder pedal toe brakes through mechanical linkages. Privacy Statement - How many fuel tanks does a Learjet 25 have? This plane has 3 fuel tanks, and each one can store a maximum of 2,300 gallons. Contact Us - Do you have to pay for taxi fuel on A380? how many times greater is 0.0015 then 750.0. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. WebHow much fuel does an A380 burn? The Airbus A380 burns an average of 4,062 gallons per hour or 67 gallons per minute and close to one gallon a second. Despite the huge amount of fuel that commercial airliners burn on a flight, there are actually much more efficient than cars. As we see, an Airbus A380 burns twice as much fuel per hour as a Boeing 787-9. This is the Ariane 5 Rocket. It weighs 33 tons when it's completely empty. Obviously it can't fly empty, so it needs fuel. Want to guess how much? It has so far performed 31 successful test flights. Fractions of percentages of efficiency could swing millions in operating costs one way or the other. Fuel Burn at 75% power in standard conditions per hour. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Four Engine Alliance GP7200 engines power each Airbus A380, providing the speed, power and efficiency needed to fly commercial aviations longest legs with ease. 3 How much fuel does a jet burn during takeoff? A large contributing factor to Lear 60s speed is its aerodynamic design. This plane requires a minimum of 150 to 200 gallons of fuel during taxiing. So, a plane could use more or less than 21,000 gallons to fly from London to New York. The Cessna 172 burns about 7-9 gallons per hour with Avgas typically costing about $6 per gallon, hourly fuel costs for the Cessna Skylane run between $42 and $54 per hour. A380 Fuel burn/hr (in very rough numbers) Flightglobal reports on the first LH 747-8 service FRA-IAD, that the aircraft burned 80 tons for what was 2 minutes short of The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Besides, GTL does not have sulfur compounds. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. WebPrivate Jet Fuel Burn Per Hour By Aircraft Type (in gallons) The cost of jet fuel runs between $3 and $10 a gallon, and you can expect it to cost you more than $1,000 to fill up each time you need to fill Get calculation support online. The distance covered by a small plane per gallon varies greatly depending on the model. Boeing has in the past and continues to make its case the 747-8 has lower costs than the A380. So if both planes are fully booked, then in theory each passenger should pay the same for the taxi fuel it would become an issue though when the A380 has a low load factor. A full one is a moneymaker. Webmost fuel-efficient airline on transatlantic operations in 2017, with an average fuel efficiency of 44 passenger-kilometers per liter of fuel (pax-km/L), 33% higher than the industry These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Emirates massive initial order of 55 A380s meant Airbus had sudden demand for 220 GP7200 engines. For example, the Airbus A380 burns over 4,000 gallons of jet fuel per hour when cruising. Production of the Learjet 25D ended in 1985, with a total of 164 aircraft being built. Modern 787-8 carrying 242 passengers needs only 30,300 kg . The Boeing 777-300ER variant has a maximum fuel capacity of 47,890 gallons stored in its three wing tanks, each of which carries up to 16,000 gallons. Michael is an aircraft engineer, and aviation lover and expert, with decades of knowledge, who knows everything there is to know about the ins and outs of all types of private, commercial, and military aircraft. Where was the Dayton peace agreement signed? Fuel consumption numbers depend upon a lot of factors including flight takeoff weight, flight time, cruising altitude and the like. 1 How much fuel does a c172 burn per hour? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. These have been estimated at between $26,000 and $29,000 per hour, using roughly $17,467 of fuel, or approximately $40.19 to $44.82 per mile. A good estimate would be about 85% of the total fuel consumed would be done during cruise flight, with around 10% used during taxi, takeoff and climb and about 5% consumed during descent. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Learjet 25 generally has five fuel tanks. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Boeings website reports that the Boeing 747 burns around 5 gallons of fuel per mile, which translates to 0.01 gallons per passenger per mile on average for a variant with 500 seats. With a cruise speed of .85 Mach and a top speed of 634 mph, the A380 ranks among the top five fastest airliners. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. How much money does it cost to fill the gas tank of an A380 aircraft? It does not store any personal data. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The good news is that kerosene is significantly cheaper than gasoline. The A380 arrived in the U.S. today. Within 12 years of the pilots work, he earns $180,000. The primary operators of this jet are the United States, Canada, the Mexican Navy, and the Bolivian Air Force. Filling an Airbus A380 can take two hours, at a rate of about 1,000 gallons per minute. A typical Boeing 747 passenger jet burns approximately 5,000 gallons (about 19,000 liters) of fuel during takeoff and as it climbs to cruising altitude. Engine Alliance customers around the world depend on the GP7200-powered A380 to carry tens of thousands of passengers at todays highest standard of international air travel. Chapter 1, part 734.3(b)(3). A 7478 taking off at maximum takeoff weight for a 14 hour flight will burn about 9300 kg/20460 lbs or 11350 liters/3000 gallons per hour. So a 10 flight would burn approximately 250,000 lbs of fuel. How much fuel does a Boeing 747 burn per hour? Is there confession in the Armenian Church. What is the takeoff speed of an Airbus A380? The nose gear doors operate mechanically with linkages attached to the nose gear shock strut. At a transatlantic distance, a 525-seat Airbus A380 has an efficiency of 74 miles per gallon (mpg) per passenger, while the brand-new 168-seat Boeing 737 MAX 8 reaches 110 mpg per passenger. An A320 also burns 0.034 gallons per mile per passenger with 150 passengers. Under the conditions of dense air at sea level with maximum afterburner, the F-15 burns more than 23,000 gallons of fuel per hour or 385 gallons per minute or 65 gallons per second when flying at high speed. It is normal to cold feet before wedding? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. some reports will state fuel burn rates based upon the hour of flight. The Boeing 787-9 in particular was the most fuel-efficient aircraft on 2016 transpacific flights at 39 passenger kilometers per liter of fuel, or 60% better than the A380. All rights reserved. But an airline that cant fill all the seats has to spread the cost of 63,000 gallons of jet fuel roughly $200,000 among fewer passengers. Developing an engine to handle the A380s size and complex aerodynamics demanded volumes of original research. When researching an aircraft, you may find both statistics, or you may just find one. The A380 can also carry more than 800 passengers at maximum capacity. Copyright 2023 Quick-Advices | All rights reserved. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The Engine to Fly a World. Out of interest, can someone give me a typical figure for trip fuel (burn & reserves) between DFW & SYD & whether the flight would be payload restricted. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. What strategies can be used to maximize the impact of a press release? If the worlds aviation industry were a country, it would be within the worlds top 10 carbon emitters. Taxi Fuel is 1 170 lb for an average taxi duration of 12 min. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you need help with calculations, there are online tools that can assist you. Although you dont show a 200, your 747-300 number of 11,300 kg/hr (24,912 lbs/hr) is right on. At optimal loading factors, flying West-East, in winter, When did Wandsworth become part of London? what makes muscle tissue different from other tissues? The change would offer impressive benefits to EA customers Engine Alliances global network of field service engineers and overhaul shops would now be center stage. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The governing specifications in India are IS 1571: 2018.Applicable from December 1, 2021. The Learjet 25 utilize wheel brakes as the primary method for reducing speed after landing. Each wing tank extends from the centre bulkhead outboard to the wing tip and provides separate fuel for each engine. What kind of engine does It also burns 0.0104 gallons per passenger per mile. How much fuel does the A380 burn per hour? Not subject to the EAR per 15 C.F.R. The Boeing 777 has 301 passengers on average, so the plane burns between 0.013 to 0.017 gallons per passenger per mile. the Airbus A380, is even more efficient. It can fly between 18 to 25 miles on a gallon of fuel. Air travel is responsible for 12% of all travel emissions internationally and 2.5% of global carbon emissions. WebA fuel capacity of nearly 82,000 gallons, a fuel consumption rate of 10 g/nm and space for up to 853 passengers makes the A380 more fuel efficient per passenger than an average How much fuel does the A380 burn per hour? How much fuel does a jet burn during takeoff? Engine Alliance facilities worldwide leapt into action, racing to manufacture and assemble engines to match the hefty A380 specs. Can the Constitution be changed by the president? At heavy weights the 330-300 burns more than 7 tons an hour. Before entering service on Emirates A380s in 2008, the GP7200 required more than a decade of engineering. The aircraft began production in January 2002. If we take the Boeing 747-400F, which has 8 fuel tanks with a combined capacity of 57,164 gallons of Jet A fuel, we can see that each tank holds a maximum of 7,150 gallons of fuel. 1 How much fuel does the A380 burn per hour? Seats to fill A 747 can seat 380 to 560 people, depending on how an airline sets it up. It is a stretched version of the Learjet 24. The connection between major airports completes a global circuit that will bear ever-increasing commercial traffic. And the A380 fuel inefficiency cannot remotely be assigned to the engines. Boeing says its 777-200ER wide-body jet gets nearly 82 miles to the gallon with 301 seats, all full, on a 3,000-mile trip. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The standard number was 25,000 lbs per hour. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A good estimate would be about 85% of the total fuel consumed would be done during cruise flight, with around 10% used during taxi, takeoff and climb and about 5% consumed during descent.

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