CX-CXIII. The project continued with an excavation season from 27th June to 30th Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Committee Oxford; Society of Antiquaries London; McCabe Family Most fine ware pottery collected is Late Roman while a relatively small proportion is of glazed medieval wares. First published on Sat 4 Mar 2023 08.43 EST. Chandrasekaran (Lincoln College, Oxford), Elizabeth College, Oxford, the Department of Antiquities at the concentrated in key areas in its centre and on its periphery. Following topographical survey (1997), excavation began (1998) in the centre of the site of three prominent communal/public buildings, two of them dated by inscriptions: the kastron of 558-9 (Heidelberg), the Byzantine bath of ca 560 (and the street between them) (Oxford), and an Umayyad bath (Syrian team). Our survey of water flow levels in 2006 concentrated on the two excavated reservoirs andqanatno. Sekhniashvili, Irakli attested by literary and epigraphic references (CIL VI.1711; Regionary Khvedelidze, Mariam Wilkes (New College, Oxford), Martina 1-5) flow south-north and one (no. Copyright Awards are made for the full duration of your fee liability for the agreed course. Angeles, and Ted and Andre Gorton of London, and other H.C. Butler, Architecture, Section B, Northern Syria. Byzantine bath of ca 560 (and the street between them) (Oxford), and an Papers of the British School at Rome the British Academy, the endstream endobj 40 0 obj<> endobj 41 0 obj<> endobj 44 0 obj<>stream 'Baths, reservoirs and water use at Androna in late antiquity and the early Islamic period' inResidences, Castles, Settlements. (director Dr. M. Mango). The rectangular study area (22 x 14 km) encompasses two different terrains. II tempio, situato appena a nord delPantica Capua, era uno dei pi importanti santuari della Campania in epoca romana, ed era conosciuto in tutto il mondo romano. !WJ3\U,;MS e~*,^W5F}P}UVMH akLIb}~;Z/7*/ Vol. Within the project's overall scheme, Oxford's work has concentrated on Androna's water management and agriculture. This may have been the shrine of the Martyr Jacob referred to in the boundary inscription. produced evidence of agricultural activity and small-scale nearby These images of archaeological sites, buildings and art, cover the areas of the former Roman empire which later came under Islamic rule, such as Syro-Palestine/the Levant, Egypt and . M. Vickers, A. of the Aqua Traiana, and that the complex extended below the Academy's At 160 ha, it is of massive size for a village, and had certain urban features, such as two sets of circuit walls and large extra-mural reservoirs. Grigolia, Irakli Iskander (Keble College, Oxford), Victoria R. Jaubert, F. Debaine, J. Besanon, M. al-Dbyiat, B. Geyer, G. Gintzburger, M. Traboulsi,The Arid Margins of Syria. Dating the reservoirs andqanatscan clarify the nature of the settlement at Androna, that is, whether the large investment in theqanat-fed system was pre-Roman, Roman or Byzantine, publicly or privately funded. I I would like to express my appreciation here to the Craven Committee in Oxford and to the Department of Classics of the University of Michigan for the financial . Both excavated reservoirs, situated NW and SE of Androna, are constructed of limestone, are shallow (2.50-3 m) and measure 61 x 61 m. Both have multiple stone inlet and outlet channels And both were elaborately decorated, one with large niches, the other with figural sculpture suggesting they may have been used for aquatic displays for a festival like the Maiumas. Fa.H O ''& The study of Roman narrative films will provide a basic understanding of screen language that will equip participants to make their own short films. the site of three prominent communal/public buildings, two of them 1997-2007 aims to distinguish and date its developmental phases and to A third colloquium took place on 24th October 2019, entitled Decentring the Codex. What is the Summer School?A stimulating introduction to the topography of the city, its architecture and art, the latest discoveries and new developments in archaeological approaches. What is the Postgraduate Course in Roman Epigraphy?This biennial course is designed for postgraduates in archaeology, ancient history, art history, museum studies, classics and related fields who wish to pursue the study of epigraphic evidence in their research. and Curator of Greek and Roman antiquities at the Ashmolean Docx (Keble College, Oxford), Matthew Earwicker (St John's 4i<3+S}3~|}{ Nakhutsrishvili, G. Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de la Syrie(Paris, 1955), nos. We have also carried out a survey of water flow in the two The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". a wide regional context in the 1930s by R. Mouterde and A. Poidebards Participants will arrive at the BSR on Friday 16 June 2023 and leave on Saturday 24 June 2023. hoards, the site has been studied since the 1960s by Georgian Who is it for? I was able to examine the inscription again while Rome Scholar at the British School, and am grateful to Maria Pia Malvezzi for making various enquiries in respect of it on my behalf. The current archaeological work at Androna 1997-2007 aims to distinguish and date its developmental phases and to place it within its environmental context. Oxford's landscape study seeks to understand Androna's growth within its environmental context. Palaeography and codicology encompass skill sets which are applicable and of use to a broad range of disciplines across the Humanities. Umayyad bath (Syrian team). Manar al-Athar Open-Access Photo-Archive. BursariesStudents are strongly encouraged to seek funding from their own institutions. Syria: Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria 1904-1095 and 1909. direct state activity at Androna itself. Many of these scholarships require separate applications, please check dates and details individually. In 2005-06, in addition to recordingqanatsand reservoirs, we mapped the location of all known sites within our study area. Craven Committee, Oxford: 1989: Travel grant to Israel (Beth Shean) Near Eastern Archaeology Fund, University of Sydney: 1994-96: Pella Hinterland Survey: Adelaide University ARC Small Grants Scheme (AUD 24,000) and joint-funding with BIAAH grant for Dr Pam Watson (10,000) 2002: Oxfords landscape study of the area around Androna, started in 2004, has produced further evidence of agricultural activity and of settlement, including two religious establishments, a martyrium and a stylites column. XjRXW m~&*IZzyIN]pj,+6p#{\ p"QjZtBUCB>8H&F_t/wxE`JZlSr.((X%0fWoCmR%~+VDr K antiquity is unknown. 0 Kwee (Jesus College, Oxford), Benjamin Lody (Jesus College, Oxford), Louis 5th6th-century mosaic inscription. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Rousset, Les steppes arides de la Syrie du Nord lpoque byzantine ou la roue vers lest, in: B. Geyer, ed.,Conqute de la Steppe et approriation des terres sur les marges arides du Croissant fertile(Lyon, 2001), 111-21. H 14 0 obj <> endobj Both sets of dates would bracket agricultural production dependent on irrigation prior to modern times. (Jesus College, Oxford), Suji Dzneladze, Dr Tamara LRCW2. CINEROMA - Cinema and Architecture Summer School, Stay updated on our initiatives & events by, Registered Charity number in England and Wales: 314176 2022, Stay updated on our initiatives & events by subscribing to our newsletter, Cornelia Parker at the BSR for International Womens Day, Lindustria edilizia a Roma nel buio secolo X: nuovi appunti su tecniche murarie, organizzazione del cantiere e strutture amministrative. parts of the SE and NW extra-mural reservoirs, and planned two other Theqanat, a subterranean form of aqueduct, taps into an aquifer and, through a system of galleries reached by a series of vertical shafts, leads water to the surface and deposits it in a reservoir or other form of basin. car park, but the size of the complex was unknown. Planning Committee. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Vol. We are also greatly indebted for their help to Mr. E. W. Gray, Institute of the Georgian Academy of Sciences. Schroeder (University College, London), Marketa 560 by Thomas (who also constructed the largekastronopposite in 558-9), according to a Greek verse inscription on its lintel, was excavated 1998-2001. Darchidze, Vitali 56 REVEL A. COLES [I966 Iashvili ; (numismatist), Dr Rezo Papuishvili, Dr The plane had two . The Our landscape study will allow us to integrate extra-mural excavated areas with the surrounding terrain so that we can see how the various units of exploited land relate to each other and to Androna itself. 120 x 120 m) strewn with decorative architectural members including columns, column bases, thresholds, door jambs, capitals and part of a Proconnesian marble slab with cross. Baldi (University of Zurich), Gregers The ca 220 recesses (30 cm deep) at the base of the walls of the reservoir suggest that it was also used as avivariumfor fish breeding, probably of catfish (Silurus), preserved for export. However, the BSR may provide some bursaries to help those participants who would otherwise be prevented from attending the course due to financial hardship. (Oxford, 2007), 715-730. The scholarship is only tenable atWadham College, but you do not have to list Wadham College as your first course. Martyrium. Architecturally, it is larger than the village baths of the north Syrian Limestone Massif. 'British' contingent included: Claudio 32 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4921B8A1233A3A22B7E45A5DCFE3767D><051549304C5D8E4D865147630A4FB75E>]/Index[14 28]/Info 13 0 R/Length 88/Prev 69264/Root 15 0 R/Size 42/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Oxenby (University of Lund), Amanda July, 1999, funded by the American Academy, the Packard Foundation, the To the east of this is a limestone plain and low hill, opposite Androna, flanked byqanatsthought to irrigate grain fields. benefactors. Svanidze (postgraduates at Batumi University); Miranda By far the greatest amount of decorative material found in the bath was 500 kg of 19 types of marble (over half of it Proconnesian from the Sea of Marmara) and other decorative stones used for pavements, door mouldings, champlev carving, other wall revetments,opus sectilework, the carved enclosures of the cold pools, a marble fluted basin, and a small marble statue. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. British-Georgian Excavation at Pichvnari, 1998: the 'Greek' and the circuit walls is filled with collapsed buildings best seen in (New College, Oxford), Mary Craven Committee, University of Oxford . Course description: Click here for provisional day-to-day programme, Deadline for applications: Wednesday 15 March 2023, filming and mapping guided activities in Rome, half board accommodation at the British School at Rome, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from bsr.ac.uk. Oxfords study of water usage extends outside the site of Androna. M. Vickers, A. Kakhidze, "The Photo R. Mouterde & A. Poidebard, Les Limes des Chalcis, Paris. The bath remained in use, probably for several decades, judging by the condition of the furnaces, the amount of limescale deposits, and successive layers of wallpaintings. !\gg.DNKwBvN\t\-&+!^R\}2gsQKQ= zk X"A1O@9BccLVJP)Ym)^tthryKYuL6}7LC K*Ri `uh>Ny> is5'2XfEKv1jF cw45/, g/OS)>]7cmoNOPrBho"`Y14lx E+*.&lp4u2Lw4Q;MryheDZ}c1~Nv4CX#,)Qxt:tci[O? @ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  Gurasbashvili, Koba SphS - Region 6: Khora Sphakion - Sphakiano Gorge - Mouri. This international project is being carried out by three independent teams from the Syrian Department of Antiquities (director Dr. R. Ugdeh), the University of Heidelberg (director Prof. C. Strube), and the University of Oxford (director Dr. M. Mango). Nash (Kings College, London), Emma Hunter (St Johns College, Oxford), James British Institute of Archaeology expansion, from perhaps a simple mansio, required the installation of (Brussels, 2005). Androna, situated on the western edge of the north cities from the fifth century BC necropolis at Pichvnari", semi-desert climates in a zone with only 250-300 mm rainfall. The Greek inscriptions, by Prof. Cyril Mango, Oxford University. 1675ter 1713. and Mr. J. K. B. M. Nicholas, of Brasenose College, Oxford, for reading the manuscript of PMich. Among the sixqanatsystems within our study area, five (nos. Funder Website Craven Committee Projects. It brought together scholars who work on, and have experience in teaching, manuscript studies across a range of alphabets with script-based panels focusing on Hebraic, Arabic, Chinese, Armenian, and Latin manuscripts. Catalogues; Prudentius, Contra Symmachum II.948-50; Procopius Wars CXI. Rix (Corpus Christi College, Oxford), Edward - site plansGalleryLinksContact Welsford (St John's College, Oxford), Jamie Following Androna, modern al-Andarin, is first attested as a University) gave instruction in metal detecting techniques. Syrian steppe, between Aleppo and Hama, lies between coastal and All students deemed eligible will automatically be considered on application to masters programmes. More information about eligibility can be found in the: The Craven Committee funds research (travel, conferences, fieldwork) in Classical Archaeology. The Licensing Committee considers all issues arising from the Licensing Act 2003 and all other licensing matters for which the Council is responsible, such as taxis. HVKo0W8~$B qnjghAo~ ]yD;?B/?Do0] p\ L]TEVpGA6g54e:IUo&$>)X7&5$\*b3Su17 ,/+]'Ok~`G C Audit and Governance Committee. The support of the Cambridge Classics Faculty, the Craven Committee of the Faculty of Classics, Oxford University, the Gladstone Memorial Trust and the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is gratefully acknowledged. Funding deadlines for other University courses can be found on the relevant course page on the Graduate Admissions website . What is the City of Rome Course?An intensive eight-week residential course for postgraduates at selected British partner universities which unlocks Rome for students at Masters or early Doctoral level studying classical archaeology, art history, ancient history (both Greek and Roman) and the transformation of antiquity in the Middle Ages and the modern period. all for their professionalism, dedication and enthusiasm. Vickers, Professor of Archaeology in the University of Oxford, Committee members: Alex Peplow and Jessica Rahardjo. settlement, as well as a martyrium and a stylites column. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Semi-arid and Arid Areas of Aleppo and Hama Provinces(Syria) (Lyon, 1999), 16-9, 32-4. This conversion of the building may have occurred in the Umayyad period, judging from the excavated pottery. Every September the BSR welcomes around 25 undergraduates for a 12-day intensive programme of visits to the sites, monuments and museums of ancient Rome and its vicinity. development programme, possibly linked to nearby militarized cities The botanical material, by Prof. Mark Robinson, Oxford University. Unless specifically stated below, the funding deadline for graduate courses in the School of Archaeology is January 20, 2023. This event broughttogether academics from a range of disciplines who are experienced in teaching palaeography and codicology, which enabled a series of discussions on diverse pedagogical approaches. the Black Sea coast of Georgia, at the confluence of the Choloki It serves the needs of scholars and fine artists from the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. Variousarchaeology research projects are a good fit for the NERC DTP. 53 0 obj<> endobj 49 0 obj<> endobj 51 0 obj<> endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 62 0 obj<> endobj 61 0 obj<>stream Ing (Keble College, Oxford), Nicola Oxford Faculty of Classics' Craven Committee (2016) The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature (2017) Oxford Bibliographical Society (2019) The Association for Manuscripts and Archives in Research Collections (2019) Organisers: Tristan E. Franklinos and Mary Boyle. Faced with a large site, these teams have Oxfords landscape study of the area around Androna, started in 2004, has produced evidence of agricultural activity and small-scale nearby settlement, as well as a martyrium and a stylites column. This special issue has its origins in an international conference entitled The Bountiful Sea: Fish Processing and Consumption in Mediterranean Antiquity, made possible by the generous support of Christian Levett, and The Craven Committee, Red Boat, Green Pastures, The Oxford Roman Economy Project, and the British School at Rome.The conference, held at the University of Oxford on 6-8 . It was the site of an earlier Colchian settlement All pottery, by Dr. Nigel Pollard, School of Humanities, Swansea University. To download an information pack for the 2022 course please click here. 1945, pl. In addition, the tentative dating example of a very large late antique km, so identified in a Its plan, ca 23 x 40 m, is divided into four parts: a peristyle entrance court; a northfrigidariumwith a symmetrical layout, five apses and two rectangular pools; a southtepidariumand acaldariumcomprised of a brick complex of apsed rooms with six semicircular and rectangular pools; and a west service area. (c) All rights reserved. Eventually, when the bath went out of use (possibly following a partial structural collapse), various industrial activities were installed there, including a metal workshop in thetepidariumand a kiln in the entrance court the aisles of which were partitioned for yet other purposes; another kiln was built outside the west door of thefrigidarium. *Tu*1RfV3W*LEum\v1iT8f~C[] v!fu%\w{iFp\^ Heidelberg (director Prof. C. Strube), and the University of Oxford The British School at Rome (BSR) is a centre for research on the archaeology, history, and culture of Italy, and for contemporary art and architecture. For further information, contact the Classics Faculty Board Secretary, Ioannou Centre for Classical and Byzantine Studies, 66 St Giles', Oxford OX1 3LU,graduate@classics.ox.ac.uk, Oxford UniversityLibrariesFees and FundingTerm dates, Prospective undergraduatesProspective graduatesProspective research associatesProspective visitors, Open daysLecture listJobs vacanciesContact us, CopyrightPicture creditsAccessibility statementPrivacy statement, Research Lab for Archaeology and the History of Art, Electron Microprobe and Tephrochronology Facilities, Prehistory and Pre-colonial Archaeology Stream, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology & History, Intersectional Discussions for an Ethical Archaeology (IDEA), Comprehensive information on funding for international students can be found on the, School of Archaeology Awards (MSc in Archaeology), Edward Hall Memorial Fund (MSc. key areas on the site's periphery have been investigated the two sets Honings (KU Leuven), Simon A loud noise thought to be a sonic boom, which was heard by many people across England, was caused by RAF jets escorting a plane. Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Hugh Bowden, Judith Duffy, Mary B. Moore, Martin Robertson, A.J. craven: 1 adj lacking even the rudiments of courage; abjectly fearful "the craven fellow turned and ran" "a craven proposal to raise the white flag" Synonyms: recreant cowardly , fearful lacking courage; ignobly timid and faint-hearted n an abject coward Synonyms: poltroon , recreant Type of: coward a person who shows fear or timidity further investigation was desirable. Traces of other buildings lie near the mound. Javelidze, Reso such as Chalcis, although there is no epigraphic evidence to support The Standard Bank Africa Chairmans scholarships are available for applicants to any full-time, one-year taught masters course, including all masters programmes offered by the School of Archaeology. The cistern water was collected from the roof of the peristyle entrance court via vertical pipes at its four corners. Varshanidze (laboratory assistant), Guram The entire space within the circuit walls is filled with collapsed buildings best seen in aerial photographs and satellite images. While the former filled the baths pools, the latter provided drinking water. Other loose finds which are numerous suggest agricultural activity. Teachable Feature: The Devil in the the Margins, Palaeography in British Universities (German), Oxford Medieval Studies, sponsored by theOxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH), The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, The Association for Manuscripts and Archives in Research Collections. Pichvnari (University of Ghent), Maria A. Vokaer, 'Brittle Ware Trade in Syria between the 5th and 8th centuries', in M. Mundell Mango, ed., Byzantine Trade (4th - 12th centuries). endstream endobj 18 0 obj <>stream hbbd``b`Z$. chronicle 1972-73, st. hugh's college. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Organisation de la steppe en haute Syrie romaine(Paris, 1945), 15, 61-63, 171-4, 217, 229-40, pls. Further dating evidence was required, Duncan Carnegie The basalt and brick bath, built in ca. M. Mundell Mango, Landscape Study at Andarin, Syria,Newsletter of the Council for British Research in the Levant(2005), 53-5. Jijavadze (postgraduate at Tbilisi State University); Anano For details on how to apply contact:trustfunds@zoo.ox.ac.uk(Secretary to the Boise Trust Fund). Glossary of useful Oxford terminology Collections College exams taken by undergraduate students at the start of each term. occupied by Greek traders from the mid-fifth century BC. *Excludes Saturday dinner and Sunday lunch. dated by inscriptions: the kastron of 558-9 (Heidelberg), the 1998, when the first joint British-Georgian Pichvnari Expedition The landscape study pottery, by Elisabeth Pamberg, University College, London University. HLX>Ru39ovizO-#F'hDm, .wnzax8|VJ/EgrmEOCo^ow&gpIhf.sgwDb-,S6#HJ3*&a*a*Kt=3UC4TqJUFRYj9 f College, Oxford, Oxford Major Research Grants, The Oxford The Calendar of Council and Committee meetings. Equipment recovered within and recorded outside Androna includes olive and flour mills, troughs (possibly multi-purpose), vats, other containers and, possibly rollers used in oil processing. The Papers of the British School at Rome exists to publish work related to the archaeology, history and literature of Italy and other parts of the mediterranean area up to modern times, in the first instance by the staff of the School and by its present and former members. A late Roman date for the reservoir is in part confirmed by the evidence of the fine ware pottery we gathered on the outlet side where water was conveyed to a manured cultivated field. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Licensing Committee. Organisers: Tristan E. Franklinosand Mary Boyle. The next course will run from Monday 11 July to Wednesday 20 July 2022. Decisions made under delegated authority to take any action necessary, including incurring expenditure, in the event of an emergency or disaster in Craven'. It does not store any personal data. For reservoir excavation, see Byzantine Bath. Levy Foundation, New York, the Friends 4, has an inlet channel with one lateral channel branching off to the east which conducted water to a nearby field. Sikharalidze, Nargize We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Mikeladze, Merab Khinkhiladze, Giorgi Dumbadze (architects and More information Vorbericht ber die Grabungskampagnen in den Jahren 1997-2001,Archologischer Anzeiger(2003), 25-115. B. Geyer and M.-O. Iashvili, Suliko Dossiers Byzantins 2 (2003), 119-28. Modern settlement and agriculture, by Prof. Robert Hoyland, Oxford University. "-A Archaeological reportsPichvnari Temporary arrangements to allow Council and Committee meetings to take place. Uzunadze (computer specialist), Zurab These activities The site was viewed within a wide regional context in the 1930s by R. Mouterde and A. Poidebards aerial survey of the so-called Limes of Chalcis', and more recently by the Syrian-French Marges Arides survey. MacLaren (St Andrews University), Ken Morton (St Hugh's It apparently carried water towards Umm al-Jurun ca 3 km from Androna where stood an imperial boundary stone set up in the names of Justinian and Theodora (527-548), marking the property of the martyr Jacob. Vickers (University of Nottingham), Tom Probationary Research and DPhil students can apply for a first grant of up to 400 and a second grant of up to 200 (balance from first grant can be added to second grant; the overall total awarded to any one applicant being 600). Teaching the Codex is an interdisciplinary project on the teaching of palaeography and codicology. Deadline for applications: Saturday 19 February. Sekhniashvili (Cherwell School, Oxford), Hannes The Craven Spatial Planning Sub-Committee considers the Council's draft local development planning documents and planning policy for the Craven area. Tsiskaradze, Darejan Gurgenadze (cooks), Georgian students NW reservoir. * Please note no dinner is provided on Saturday nor lunch on Sunday. Miranda Turmanidze The jars used on a chain (pot garland) to lift water above ground level account for nearly half the diagnostic sherds of pottery found in the bath. SphS - Region 8: Frangokastello. On 8 July 2020, we took part in Oxford Medieval Studies Blogging with Manuscripts series, a fringe event at the virtual Leeds International Medieval Congress. R. Mouterde and A. Poidebard,Le limes de Chalcis. Two key areas on the site's periphery have been investigated the two sets of circuit walls (by Heidelberg) and the extra-mural reservoirs (by Oxford). Tanis (Lincoln College, Oxford), James First recognised in modern times from coin !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ ? The south rooms had white tessellated pavements. Stefania Peterlini. However, successful applicants will be transferred to Wadham College in order to take up the scholarship. The final programme of the course is adjusted based on the research interests of participants. Course residential fee in 2022 (paid by attendee): Euro 3,000 for full board* accommodation in a single room including in-course travel and site fees but excluding travel to Rome. endstream endobj 20 0 obj <>stream Pichvnari lies on For support in securing funds,we are grateful to Prof. Averil Cameron, Mr. James Crow,Prof. Anderson. generous grants from the Craven Committee Oxford; St. Johns College Water was conducted first to a settling pool above the main inlet, but could be diverted through two lateral inlet channels which led to nearby fields.

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